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El present perfect: experiencias, for y since
Nivel B1Unidad 9 de 20 Sé hablar de mis experiencias y de lo que he hecho.
- present perfect
- participios irregulares (been, gone, seen, done…)
- ever / never
- for / since
- present perfect vs past simple
Cómo se forma
- have / has + participio: I have (I've) seen · She has (She's) been
- Verbos regulares: el participio es igual que el pasado → worked, visited
- Verbos irregulares: participio propio → gone, seen, done, eaten, written, taken (mira la tabla)
- Negativa: haven't / hasn't · Pregunta: Have you ever…?
- for + duración (for three years) · since + momento de inicio (since 2019)
Cuándo se usa
- Experiencias de tu vida, sin decir cuándo: I've been to Japan
- Algo que empezó en el pasado y sigue: I've lived here for five years
- Si dices cuándo (yesterday, in 2019, ago) → past simple: I went to Japan in 2019
- been / gone: He's been to Paris (fue y volvió) · He's gone to Paris (sigue allí)
Ejemplos
- Have you ever eaten sushi? Yes, I've eaten it many times.¿Has comido sushi alguna vez? Sí, muchas veces.
- I've worked here since 2019.Trabajo aquí desde 2019.
- I've never written a novel, but I've taken a writing course.Nunca he escrito una novela, pero he hecho un curso de escritura.
- I've been to London twice. The last time, I went in 2022.He estado en Londres dos veces. La última vez fui en 2022.
Participios irregulares más comunes
| Verbo | Participio | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| be | been | I've been to Rome. |
| go | gone | She's gone home. |
| do | done | I've done my homework. |
| see | seen | Have you seen it? |
| eat | eaten | I've never eaten octopus. |
| drink | drunk | I've drunk too much coffee. |
| take | taken | I've taken the train. |
| write | written | He's written a book. |
| make | made | We've made a cake. |
| have | had | I've had a busy day. |
| meet | met | Have you met Tom? |
| buy | bought | I've bought a new phone. |
| break | broken | I've broken my glasses. |
| forget | forgotten | I've forgotten his name. |
| speak | spoken | Have you spoken to her? |
| read | read | I've read that book. |
| know | known | I've known her for years. |
| give | given | They've given me a present. |
Truco: si dudas, piensa en la 3.ª columna de la tabla de la unidad 5.
Errores típicos de hispanohablantes
I have went / I have saw→ I've gone / I've seenTras have va el participio (3.ª columna), no el pasado.I've seen him yesterday→ I saw him yesterdayCon un momento terminado, past simple.I live here since 2019→ I've lived here since 2019«Llevo… / desde…» = present perfect.since three years→ for three yearsfor + duración; since + fecha o momento.
Vocabulario clave
- ever — alguna vezHave you ever been to Japan?
- never — nuncaI've never eaten octopus.
- already — yaI've already finished the report.
- yet — todavía / ya (preguntas)I haven't seen it yet.
- just — acabar deI've just arrived.
- achievement — logroWhat's your biggest achievement?
- experience — experienciaI have five years of experience.
- manage — dirigir, gestionarI manage a team of ten people.
- abroad — en el extranjeroI've lived abroad twice.
- recently — recientementeI've recently changed jobs.